Atherosclerosis is a condition in which arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a buildup of plaque on the artery walls. This plaque is composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin. The buildup restricts blood flow, which can lead to serious complications such as heart attack, stroke, or peripheral artery disease. Symptoms may not be apparent until significant blockage occurs and can vary depending on which arteries are affected:

• Chest pain or angina (if coronary arteries are affected)
• Shortness of breath
• Numbness or weakness in arms or legs (if peripheral arteries are affected)
• Difficulty speaking or understanding speech (if cerebral arteries are affected)
• Vision problems
• High blood pressure

Diagnosis

Healthcare professionals diagnose atherosclerosis through a combination of assessments:

• Medical History and Physical Examination: Evaluating risk factors such as age, family history, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels.
• Blood Tests: Checking levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, blood sugar, and markers of inflammation.
• Imaging Tests:
  • Ultrasound: Visualizes blood flow and detects blockages in arteries.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Detects abnormalities in heart rhythm and structure.
  • Stress Testing: Assesses heart function during physical exertion or medication-induced stress.
  • Angiography: Uses contrast dye and imaging techniques like X-ray, CT scan, or MRI to view arterial blockages.
  • Ankle-Brachial Index: Compares blood pressure in the ankle and arm to detect peripheral artery disease.