The abnormally shaped red blood cells can adhere to the walls of blood vessels, and may build up over time to create blockages. These blockages prevent the red blood cells from doing their primary job: delivering oxygen to body tissues. Without oxygen, the cells in bones and organs begin to die. This process often causes pain, which is sometimes very severe requiring hospitalization, but can also lead to stroke or blood clots, even in children.
Symptoms of sickle cell disease usually begin when a child is four months of age or older. Pain episodes caused by oxygen shortages to organs or tissues are among the most common symptoms of sickle cell disease. These episodes are called "pain crises.” Pain severity and location vary; it can occur in the bones, chest, back, and other areas.
Other symptoms of sickle cell disease include fatigue due to anemia, which occurs when sickle-shaped red blood cells break apart and die before they can deliver oxygen to the body; delayed growth; and pneumonias. Because sickle cell disease is a chronic condition, sometimes causing silent damage over time, these symptoms can accumulate with added health problems in adulthood. Pregnancy can also be challenging for those diagnosed with sickle cell disease.
Sickle cell disease is a lifelong health condition and thus most treatments are also lifelong. Some therapies actually help prevent associated problems; these include antibiotics, oral medications, or monthly medication infusions which can reduce the frequency of pain crises and severity of anemia. Blood transfusions may be part of regular care for patients with sickle cell disease as well.